A New Market Study, “VTuber Market Upcoming Trends, Growth Drivers and Challenges,” has been featured on Market IntelliX

VTuber Market: A thorough analysis of statistics about the current as well as emerging trends offers clarity regarding the VTuber market dynamics. The report includes Porter's Five Forces to analyze the prominence of various features such as the understanding of both suppliers and customers, risks posed by various agents, the strength of competition, and promising emerging businesspersons to understand a valuable resource. Also, the report spans the VTuber research data of various companies, benefits, gross margin, strategic decisions of the worldwide market, and more through tables, charts, and infographics.

Competitive Landscape:

Competitive analysis is the study of the strengths and weaknesses, market investment, market share, market sales volume, and market trends of major players in the market. The VTuber market study focused on including all the primary-level, secondary-level, and tertiary-level competitors in the report. The data was generated by conducting primary and secondary research. The report covers a detailed analysis of drivers, constraints, and scope for new players entering the VTuber market.

VTuber Market Report Scope

Report Attribute	Details
Base Year	2023
Historical Data	2018
Forecast Period	2024 - 2031
Companies Covered	Virtual Entertainment (VSPO!), VShojo, Nanashinku (774inc.), mikai (Re:AcT), Yuehua Entertainment (A-SOUL)
Segments Covered	Live Streaming & Content, Merchandising, Others (Concerts, Licensing, etc.)
Types Covered	2D Vtuber, 3D Vtuber
Geographies Scope	North America (United States, Canada and Mexico), Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia and Spain etc.), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia and Southeast Asia etc.), South America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia etc.), Middle East & Africa (South Africa, UAE and Saudi Arabia etc.)
Customization Scope	*Free report customization with additional or alteration to country, regional or segment scope.

Top Key Players Covered in VTuber Market are:
The report has provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape in the market. Detailed profiles of all major companies have also been provided. Some of the key players in the VTuber market include:

• Virtual Entertainment (VSPO!)
• VShojo
• Nanashinku (774inc.)
• mikai (Re:AcT)
• Yuehua Entertainment (A-SOUL)

Market Segmentation & Coverage

This research report categorizes the VTuber market to forecast revenues and analyze trends in each of the following sub-markets:

By the product type, the market is primarily split into:

• 2D Vtuber
• 3D Vtuber

By the application, this report covers the following segments:

• Live Streaming & Content
• Merchandising
• Others (Concerts
• Licensing
• etc.)

Considering the Geographical Landscape of the VTuber market:

The VTuber Market report provides information about the market area, which is further subdivided into sub-regions and countries/regions. In addition to the market share in each country and sub-region, this chapter of this report also contains information on profit opportunities.

➤ North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
➤ Europe (UK, Germany, France, Russia, and Italy)
➤ Asia-Pacific (China, Korea, Japan, India, and Southeast Asia)
➤ South America (Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, etc.)
➤ The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Nigeria, Egypt, and South Africa)

The report studies the VTuber market by evaluating the market chain, prevalent policies, cost structures, and contribution to the industry. The regional markets for the VTuber market are examined by analyzing the pricing of products in the region compared to the profit generated. The production capacity, demand and supply, and the historical performance of the market in the given region are also evaluated in this market report.

𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲

The report has its roots definitely set in thorough strategies provided by proficient data analysts. The research methodology involves the collection of information by analysts only to have it studied and filtered thoroughly in an attempt to provide significant predictions about the market over the review period. The research process further includes interviews with leading market influencers, which makes the primary research relevant and practical. The secondary method gives a direct peek into the demand-supply connection. The market methodologies adopted in the report offer precise data analysis and provide a tour of the entire market. Both primary and secondary approaches to data collection have been used. In addition to these, publicly available sources such as annual reports, and white papers have been used by data analysts for an insightful understanding of the market.

Key Highlights of the Report:

➤ Define, describe, and forecast VTuber by type, application, end-user, and region.

➤ Provide enterprise external and internal environment analysis and PEST analysis.

➤ Strategies for the company to deal with the impact of COVID-19.

➤ Provide market dynamic analysis, including market driving factors, and market development constraints.

➤ Provide market entry strategy analysis for top players or players who are ready to enter the market, including market segment definition, client analysis, distribution model, product messaging and positioning, and price strategy analysis.

➤ Keep up with international market trends and provide analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on major regions of the world.

➤ Analyze the market opportunities of stakeholders and provide market leaders with details of the competitive dashboard.

Chapter 1 VTuber Market Overview

1.1 VTuber Definition

1.2 Global VTuber Market Size Status and Outlook (2018-2031)

1.3 Global VTuber Market Size Comparison by Region (2018-2031)

1.4 Global VTuber Market Size Comparison by Type (2018-2031)

1.5 Global VTuber Market Size Comparison by Application (2018-2031)

1.6 Global VTuber Market Size Comparison by Sales Channel (2018-2031)

1.7 VTuber Market Dynamics

1.7.1 Market Drivers/Opportunities

1.7.2 Market Challenges/Risks

1.7.3 Market News (Merger/Acquisition/Expansion)

1.7.4 Key Trends in VTuber Market

Chapter 2 VTuber Market Competition by Player

2.1 Global VTuber Sales and Market Share by Player (2021-2023)

2.2 Global VTuber Revenue and Market Share by Player (2021-2023)

2.3 Global VTuber Average Price by Player (2021-2023)

2.4 Players Competition Situation & Trends

2.5 Conclusion of Segment by Player

Chapter 3 VTuber Market Segment by Type

3.1 Global VTuber Market by Type

3.1.1 2D Vtuber

3.1.2 3D Vtuber

3.2 Global VTuber Sales and Market Share by Type (2018-2023)

3.3 Global VTuber Revenue and Market Share by Type (2018-2023)

3.4 Global VTuber Average Price by Type (2018-2023)

3.5 Conclusion of Segment by Type

Chapter 4 VTuber Market Segment by Application

4.1 Global VTuber Market by Application

4.1.1 Live Streaming & Content

4.1.2 Merchandising

4.1.3 Others (Concerts, Licensing, etc.)

4.2 Global VTuber Revenue and Market Share by Application (2018-2023)

4.3 Conclusion of Segment by Application

Chapter 5 VTuber Market Segment by Sales Channel

5.1 Global VTuber Market by Sales Channel

5.1.1 Direct Channel

5.1.2 Distribution Channel

5.2 Global VTuber Revenue and Market Share by Sales Channel (2018-2023)

5.3 Conclusion of Segment by Sales Channel

Chapter 6 VTuber Market Segment by Region & Country

6.1 Global VTuber Market Size and CAGR by Region (2018-2031)

6.2 Global VTuber Sales and Market Share by Region (2018-2023)

6.3 Global VTuber Revenue and Market Share by Region (2018-2023)

6.4 North America

6.4.1 North America Market by Country

6.4.2 North America VTuber Market Share by Type

6.4.3 North America VTuber Market Share by Application

6.4.4 United States

6.4.5 Canada

6.5 Europe

6.5.1 Europe Market by Country

6.5.2 Europe VTuber Market Share by Type

6.5.3 Europe VTuber Market Share by Application

6.5.4 Germany

6.5.5 UK

6.5.6 France

6.5.7 Italy

6.5.8 Spain

6.5.9 Russia

6.6 Asia-Pacific

6.6.1 Asia-Pacific Market by Country

6.6.2 Asia-Pacific VTuber Market Share by Type

6.6.3 Asia-Pacific VTuber Market Share by Application

6.6.4 China

6.6.5 Japan

6.6.6 Korea

6.6.7 India

6.6.8 Southeast Asia

6.6.9 Australia

6.7 South America

6.7.1 South America Market by Country

6.7.2 South America VTuber Market Share by Type

6.7.3 South America VTuber Market Share by Application

6.7.4 Brazil

6.7.5 Mexico

6.7.6 Argentina

6.7.7 Colombia

6.8 Middle East & Africa

6.8.1 Middle East & Africa Market by Country

6.8.2 Middle East & Africa VTuber Market Share by Type

6.8.3 Middle East & Africa VTuber Market Share by Application

6.8.4 Turkey

6.8.5 UAE

6.8.6 Saudi Arabia

6.8.7 South Africa

6.9 Conclusion of Segment by Region

Chapter 7 Profile of Leading VTuber Players

7.1 ANYCOLOR (Nijisanji)

7.1.1 Company Snapshot

7.1.2 Product/Service Offered

7.1.3 Business Performance (Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share)

7.2 COVER (Hololive Production)

7.3 Virtual Entertainment (VSPO!)

7.4 VShojo

7.5 Nanashinku (774inc.)

7.6 mikai (Re:AcT)

7.7 Yuehua Entertainment (A-SOUL)

Chapter 8 Upstream and Downstream Analysis of VTuber

8.1 Industrial Chain of VTuber

8.2 Upstream of VTuber

8.3 Downstream of VTuber

Chapter 9 Development Trend of VTuber (2024-2031)

9.1 Global VTuber Market Size (Sales and Revenue) Forecast (2024-2031)

9.2 Global VTuber Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Region (2024-2031)

9.3 Global VTuber Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Type (2024-2031)

9.4 Global VTuber Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Application (2024-2031)

9.5 Global VTuber Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Sales Channel (2024-2031)

Chapter 10 Appendix

10.1 Research Methodology

10.2 Data Sources

10.3 Disclaimer

10.4 Analysts Certification

List of Tables and Figures

Figure VTuber Example

Figure Global VTuber Revenue (Million $) Status and Outlook (2018-2031)

Figure Global VTuber Revenue (Million $) Comparison by Region (2018-2031)

Figure Global VTuber Revenue (Million $) Comparison by Type (2018-2031)

Figure Global VTuber Revenue (Million $) Comparison by Application (2018-2031)

Figure Global VTuber Revenue (Million $) Comparison by Sales Channel (2018-2031)

Table Global VTuber Sales by Player (2021-2023)

Table Global VTuber Sales Market Share by Player (2021-2023)

Figure Global VTuber Sales Market Share by Player in 2023

Table Global VTuber Revenue (Million $) by Player (2021-2023)

Table Global VTuber Revenue Market Share by Player (2021-2023)

Figure Global VTuber Revenue Market Share by Player in 2023

Table Global VTuber Average Price by Player (2021-2023)

Figure Global VTuber Average Price by Player in 2023

Figure Global VTuber Players Competition Situation – Top 5 Players’ Revenue Market Share in 2021

Figure Global VTuber Players Competition Trends – Top 5 Players’ Revenue Market Share in 2023

Figure Example of 2D Vtuber

Figure Global 2D Vtuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Example of 3D Vtuber

Figure Global 3D Vtuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Table Global VTuber Sales by Type (2018-2023)

Table Global VTuber Sales Market Share by Type (2018-2023)

Figure Global VTuber Sales Market Share by Type in 2023

Table Global VTuber Revenue (Million $) by Type (2018-2023)

Table Global VTuber Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)

Figure Global VTuber Revenue Market Share by Type in 2023

Table Global VTuber Average Price by Type (2018-2023)

Figure Global VTuber Average Price by Type in 2023

Table Leading Players of VTuber by Type in 2023

Figure Example of Live Streaming & Content

Figure Global VTuber for Live Streaming & Content Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Example of Merchandising

Figure Global VTuber for Merchandising Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Example of Others (Concerts, Licensing, etc.)

Figure Global VTuber for Others (Concerts, Licensing, etc.) Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Table Global VTuber Sales by Application (2018-2023)

Table Global VTuber Sales Market Share by Application (2018-2023)

Figure Global VTuber Sales Market Share by Application in 2023

Table Leading Consumers of VTuber by Application in 2023

Figure Example of Direct Channel

Figure Global VTuber for Direct Channel Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Example of Distribution Channel

Figure Global VTuber for Distribution Channel Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Table Global VTuber Revenue by Sales Channel (2018-2023)

Table Global VTuber Revenue Market Share by Sales Channel (2018-2023)

Figure Global VTuber Revenue Market Share by Sales Channel in 2023

Table Leading Distributors/Dealers of VTuber by Sales Channel in 2023

Table Global VTuber Market Size and CAGR by Region (2018-2031)

Table Global VTuber Sales by Region (2018-2023)

Table Global VTuber Sales Market Share by Region (2018-2023)

Figure Global VTuber Sales Market Share by Region in 2023

Table Global VTuber Revenue (Million $) by Region (2018-2023)

Table Global VTuber Revenue Market Share by Region (2018-2023)

Figure Global VTuber Revenue Market Share by Region in 2023

Table North America VTuber Sales by Country (2018-2023)

Figure North America VTuber Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2023)

Table North America VTuber Revenue by Country (2018-2023)

Figure North America VTuber Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2023)

Figure North America VTuber Market Share by Type in 2023

Figure North America VTuber Market Share by Application in 2023

Figure United States VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure United States VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Canada VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Canada VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Table Europe VTuber Sales by Country (2018-2023)

Figure Europe VTuber Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2023)

Table Europe VTuber Revenue by Country (2018-2023)

Figure Europe VTuber Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2023)

Figure Europe VTuber Market Share by Type in 2023

Figure Europe VTuber Market Share by Application in 2023

Figure Germany VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Germany VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure UK VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure UK VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure France VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure France VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Italy VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Italy VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Spain VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Spain VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Russia VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Russia VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Table Asia-Pacific VTuber Sales by Country (2018-2023)

Figure Asia-Pacific VTuber Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2023)

Table Asia-Pacific VTuber Revenue by Country (2018-2023)

Figure Asia-Pacific VTuber Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2023)

Figure Asia-Pacific VTuber Market Share by Type in 2023

Figure Asia-Pacific VTuber Market Share by Application in 2023

Figure China VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure China VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Japan VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Japan VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Korea VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Korea VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure India VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure India VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Southeast Asia VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Southeast Asia VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Australia VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Australia VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Table South America VTuber Sales by Country (2018-2023)

Figure South America VTuber Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2023)

Table South America VTuber Revenue by Country (2018-2023)

Figure South America VTuber Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2023)

Figure South America VTuber Market Share by Type in 2023

Figure South America VTuber Market Share by Application in 2023

Figure Brazil VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Brazil VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Mexico VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Mexico VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Argentina VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Argentina VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Colombia VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Colombia VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Table Middle East & Africa VTuber Sales by Country (2018-2023)

Figure Middle East & Africa VTuber Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2023)

Table Middle East & Africa VTuber Revenue by Country (2018-2023)

Figure Middle East & Africa VTuber Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2023)

Figure Middle East & Africa VTuber Market Share by Type in 2023

Figure Middle East & Africa VTuber Market Share by Application in 2023

Figure Turkey VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Turkey VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure UAE VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure UAE VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Saudi Arabia VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure Saudi Arabia VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure South Africa VTuber Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Figure South Africa VTuber Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2018-2023)

Table Company Snapshot of ANYCOLOR (Nijisanji)

Table VTuber Introduction of ANYCOLOR (Nijisanji)

Table VTuber Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share of ANYCOLOR (Nijisanji) (2021-2023)

Table Industrial Chain of VTuber

Table Leading Consumers of VTuber

Figure Global VTuber Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2024-2031)

Figure Global VTuber Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2024-2031)

Table Global VTuber Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Region (2024-2031)

Table Global VTuber Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Type (2024-2031)

Table Global VTuber Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Application (2024-2031)

Table Global VTuber Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Sales Channel (2024-2031)

Methodology/Research Approach

This research study involved the extensive usage of both primary and secondary data sources. The research process involved the study of various factors affecting the industry, including the government policy, market environment, competitive landscape, historical data, present trends in the market, technological innovation, upcoming technologies and the technical progress in related industry, and market risks, opportunities, market barriers and challenges. The following illustrative figure shows the market research methodology applied in this report.

Research Programs/Design

Historical Data (2015-2019)	Industry Trends Competitive Landscape By Company Expansion Mergers and Acquisitions Market Segment by Type by Application By Regions/ Geography	Value Status and Outlook Value for Major Players Market Share Growth Rate Present Situation Analysis Value Market Share Growth Rate Present Situation Analysis
Influencing Factors	Market Environment Government Policy Technological Changes Market Risks	Market Drivers Growing Demand of Downstream Reduction in Cost
Market Forecast (2021-2026)	Overall Size by Type by Application By Regions/Geography	Key Data (Value) Market Share Growth Rate CAGR (2021-2026)

Market Size Estimation

Top-down and bottom-up approaches are used to validate the global Voluntary Carbon Offset market size market and estimate the market size for Company, regions segments, product segments and Application (end users).

The market estimations in this report are based on the marketed sale price of Voluntary Carbon Offset (excluding any discounts provided by the player, distributor, wholesaler or traders). The percentage splits, market share, and breakdowns of the product segments are derived on the basis of weights assigned to each of the segments on the basis of their utilization rate and average sale price. The regional splits of the overall Voluntary Carbon Offset market and its sub-segments are based on the percentage adoption or utilization of the given product in the respective region or country.

Major Company in the market is identified through secondary research and their market revenues determined through primary and secondary research. Secondary research included the research of the annual and financial reports of the top Company; whereas, primary research included extensive interviews of key opinion leaders and industry experts such as experienced front-line staff, directors, CEOs and marketing executives. The percentage splits, market share, Growth Rate and breakdowns of the product markets are determined through using secondary sources and verified through the primary sources.

All possible factors that influence the markets included in this research study have been accounted for, viewed in extensive detail, verified through primary research, and analyzed to get the final quantitative and qualitative data. The market size for top-level markets and sub-segments is normalized, and the effect of inflation, economic downturns, and regulatory & policy changes or other factors are not accounted for in the market forecast. This data is combined and added with detailed inputs and analysis from Market Intellix and presented in this report

The following figure shows an illustrative representation of the overall market size estimation process used for this study.

Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

After complete market engineering with calculations for market statistics; market size estimations; market forecasting; market breakdown; and data triangulation, extensive primary research was conducted to gather information and verify and validate the critical numbers arrived at. In the complete market engineering process, both top-down and bottom-up approaches were extensively used, along with several data triangulation methods, to perform market estimation and market forecasting for the overall market segments and sub-segments listed in this report. Extensive qualitative and further quantitative analysis is also done from all the numbers arrived at in the complete market engineering process to list key information throughout the report.

Data Source

Secondary Sources

Secondary sources include such as press releases, annual reports, non-profit organizations, industry associations, governmental agencies and customs data, etc. This research study involves the usage of widespread secondary sources, directories, databases such as Bloomberg Business, Wind Info, Hoovers, Factiva (Dow Jones & Company), and TRADING ECONOMICS, and News Network, statista, Federal Reserve Economic Data, annual reports, BIS Statistics, ICIS; company house documents; CAS(American Chemical Society); investor presentations; and SEC filings of companies. Secondary research was used to identify and collect information useful for the extensive, technical, market-oriented, and Hospitals study of the Voluntary Carbon Offset market. It was also used to obtain important information about the top companies, market classification and segmentation according to industry trends to the bottom-most level, and key developments related to market and technology perspectives.

Market Size	Segmental value Geographic Penetration Product Adoption Rate for Different market	Journals, Websites, and Press Releases Annual Reports and SEC Filings Company Websites and Press Releases Public and Paid Databases Market Intellix Data Repository
Market Position of Top Company	Product Financials Geographic value Mix Total Company value Business/Segmental value Mix
Qualitative Analysis	Influence Factors Market Potential Market Risks and Opportunities Industry Trends Geographical Features Government Policies	Company Websites and Press Releases Public and Paid Databases Annual Reports Industry Associations Market Intellix Data Repository

Primary Sources

In the primary research process, various sources from both the supply and demand sides were interviewed to obtain qualitative and quantitative information for this report. The primary sources from the supply side include product Company (and their competitors), opinion leaders, industry experts, research institutions, distributors, dealer and traders, as well as the raw materials suppliers and producers, etc.

The primary sources from the demand side include industry experts such as business leaders, marketing and sales directors, technology and innovation directors, supply chain executive, end use (product buyers), and related key executives from various key companies and organizations operating in the global market.

Primary research was conducted to identify segmentation Type, product price range, product Application, key Company, raw materials supply and the downstream demand, industry status and outlook, and key market dynamics such as risks, influence factors, opportunities, market barriers, industry trends, and key player strategies.

Key Executives Interviewed

Key Data Information from Primary Sources

Primary Sources	Parameters	Key Data
Market Segments(by Application, by Type)	Value by Type Status and Forecast Value by Application Value by Regions, Status and Forecast (2021-2026)	Value Market Share by Type Value Growth Rate by Type Value by Application Percentage and Growth Rate by Application Value Growth Rate and Market Share by Regions Market Size Status and Forecast (2021-2026)
Total Market	Overall Size, Status and Forecast	Market Size Status and Forecast (2021-2026)