This report studies the Digital Signage market, covering market size for segment by type (0-40 Inches, 40-50 Inches, etc.), by application (Retail, Healthcare, etc.), by sales channel (Direct Channel, Distribution Channel), by player (Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, Philips, Toshiba, Daktronics, etc.) and by region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America and Middle East & Africa).

This report provides detailed historical analysis of global market for Digital Signage from 2016-2021, and provides extensive market forecasts from 2022-2030 by region/country and subsectors. It covers the sales/revenue/value, gross margin, historical growth and future perspectives in the Digital Signage market.

Moreover, the impact of COVID-19 is also concerned. Since outbreak in December 2019, the COVID-19 virus has spread to all around the world and caused huge losses of lives and economy, and the global manufacturing, tourism and financial markets have been hit hard, while the online market/industry increase. Fortunately, with the development of vaccine and other effort by global governments and organizations, the negative impact of COVID-19 is expected to subside and the global economy is expected to recover.

This research covers COVID-19 impacts on the upstream, midstream and downstream industries. Moreover, this research provides an in-depth market evaluation by highlighting information on various aspects covering market dynamics like drivers, barriers, opportunities, threats, and industry news & trends. In the end, this report also provides in-depth analysis and professional advices on how to face the post COIVD-19 period.

The research methodology used to estimate and forecast this market begins by capturing the revenues of the key players and their shares in the market. Various secondary sources such as press releases, annual reports, non-profit organizations, industry associations, governmental agencies and customs data, have been used to identify and collect information useful for this extensive commercial study of the market. Calculations based on this led to the overall market size. After arriving at the overall market size, the total market has been split into several segments and subsegments, which have then been verified through primary research by conducting extensive interviews with industry experts such as CEOs, VPs, directors, and executives. The data triangulation and market breakdown procedures have been employed to complete the overall market engineering process and arrive at the exact statistics for all segments and subsegments.

Leading players of Digital Signage including:

Samsung Electronics

LG Electronics

Philips

Toshiba

Daktronics

Sony

Panasonic

NEC Display

Sharp

Planar Systems (Leyard)

Mitsubishi

Chimei Innolux

Advantech

Goodview

Cisco Systems

Marvel Digital

Market split by Type, can be divided into:

0-40 Inches

40-50 Inches

50-60 Inches

60+ Inches

Market split by Application, can be divided into:

Retail

Healthcare

Hospitality

Transportation

Others

Market split by Sales Channel, can be divided into:

Direct Channel

Distribution Channel

Market segment by Region/Country including:

North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia and Spain etc.)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia and Southeast Asia etc.)

South America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia etc.)

Middle East & Africa (South Africa, UAE and Saudi Arabia etc.)

Key Questions Answered in Report

Which is the most lucrative market

Which factors will impact the growth of the market

How will changing trends impact the strategies of market players

How can market players capture the low-hanging opportunities across regions

Which companies are leading the industry

What are the winning strategies of stakeholders in the market

Chapter 1 Digital Signage Market Overview

1.1 Digital Signage Definition

1.2 Global Digital Signage Market Size Status and Outlook (2016-2030)

1.3 Global Digital Signage Market Size Comparison by Region (2016-2030)

1.4 Global Digital Signage Market Size Comparison by Type (2016-2030)

1.5 Global Digital Signage Market Size Comparison by Application (2016-2030)

1.6 Global Digital Signage Market Size Comparison by Sales Channel (2016-2030)

1.7 Digital Signage Market Dynamics (COVID-19 Impacts)

1.7.1 Market Drivers/Opportunities

1.7.2 Market Challenges/Risks

1.7.3 Market News (Mergers/Acquisitions/Expansion)

1.7.4 COVID-19 Impacts

1.7.5 Post-Strategies of COVID-19

Chapter 2 Digital Signage Market Segment Analysis by Player

2.1 Global Digital Signage Sales and Market Share by Player (2019-2021)

2.2 Global Digital Signage Revenue and Market Share by Player (2019-2021)

2.3 Global Digital Signage Average Price by Player (2019-2021)

2.4 Players Competition Situation & Trends

2.5 Conclusion of Segment by Player

Chapter 3 Digital Signage Market Segment Analysis by Type

3.1 Global Digital Signage Market by Type

3.1.1 0-40 Inches

3.1.2 40-50 Inches

3.1.3 50-60 Inches

3.1.4 60+ Inches

3.2 Global Digital Signage Sales and Market Share by Type (2016-2021)

3.3 Global Digital Signage Revenue and Market Share by Type (2016-2021)

3.4 Global Digital Signage Average Price by Type (2016-2021)

3.5 Leading Players of Digital Signage by Type in 2021

3.6 Conclusion of Segment by Type

Chapter 4 Digital Signage Market Segment Analysis by Application

4.1 Global Digital Signage Market by Application

4.1.1 Retail

4.1.2 Healthcare

4.1.3 Hospitality

4.1.4 Transportation

4.1.5 Others

4.2 Global Digital Signage Revenue and Market Share by Application (2016-2021)

4.3 Leading Consumers of Digital Signage by Application in 2021

4.4 Conclusion of Segment by Application

Chapter 5 Digital Signage Market Segment Analysis by Sales Channel

5.1 Global Digital Signage Market by Sales Channel

5.1.1 Direct Channel

5.1.2 Distribution Channel

5.2 Global Digital Signage Revenue and Market Share by Sales Channel (2016-2021)

5.3 Leading Distributors/Dealers of Digital Signage by Sales Channel in 2021

5.4 Conclusion of Segment by Sales Channel

Chapter 6 Digital Signage Market Segment Analysis by Region

6.1 Global Digital Signage Market Size and CAGR by Region (2016-2030)

6.2 Global Digital Signage Sales and Market Share by Region (2016-2021)

6.3 Global Digital Signage Revenue and Market Share by Region (2016-2021)

6.4 North America

6.4.1 North America Market by Country

6.4.2 North America Digital Signage Market Share by Type

6.4.3 North America Digital Signage Market Share by Application

6.4.4 United States

6.4.5 Canada

6.4.6 Mexico

6.5 Europe

6.5.1 Europe Market by Country

6.5.2 Europe Digital Signage Market Share by Type

6.5.3 Europe Digital Signage Market Share by Application

6.5.4 Germany

6.5.5 UK

6.5.6 France

6.5.7 Italy

6.5.8 Russia

6.5.9 Spain

6.6 Asia-Pacific

6.6.1 Asia-Pacific Market by Country

6.6.2 Asia-Pacific Digital Signage Market Share by Type

6.6.3 Asia-Pacific Digital Signage Market Share by Application

6.6.4 China

6.6.5 Japan

6.6.6 Korea

6.6.7 India

6.6.8 Southeast Asia

6.6.9 Australia

6.7 South America

6.7.1 South America Market by Country

6.7.2 South America Digital Signage Market Share by Type

6.7.3 South America Digital Signage Market Share by Application

6.7.4 Brazil

6.7.5 Argentina

6.7.6 Colombia

6.8 Middle East & Africa

6.8.1 Middle East & Africa Market by Country

6.8.2 Middle East & Africa Digital Signage Market Share by Type

6.8.3 Middle East & Africa Digital Signage Market Share by Application

6.8.4 UAE

6.8.5 Saudi Arabia

6.8.6 South Africa

6.9 Conclusion of Segment by Region

Chapter 7 Profile of Leading Digital Signage Players

7.1 Samsung Electronics

7.1.1 Company Snapshot

7.1.2 Product/Service Offered

7.1.3 Business Performance (Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share)

7.2 LG Electronics

7.3 Philips

7.4 Toshiba

7.5 Daktronics

7.6 Sony

7.7 Panasonic

7.8 NEC Display

7.9 Sharp

7.10 Planar Systems (Leyard)

7.11 Mitsubishi

7.12 Chimei Innolux

7.13 Advantech

7.14 Goodview

7.15 Cisco Systems

7.16 Marvel Digital

Chapter 8 Upstream and Downstream Analysis of Digital Signage

8.1 Industrial Chain of Digital Signage

8.2 Upstream of Digital Signage

8.3 Downstream of Digital Signage

Chapter 9 Development Trend of Digital Signage (2022-2030)

9.1 Global Digital Signage Market Size (Sales and Revenue) Forecast (2022-2030)

9.2 Global Digital Signage Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Region (2022-2030)

9.3 Global Digital Signage Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Type (2022-2030)

9.4 Global Digital Signage Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Application (2022-2030)

9.5 Global Digital Signage Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Sales Channel (2022-2030)

Chapter 10 Appendix

10.1 Research Methodology

10.2 Data Sources

10.3 Disclaimer

10.4 Analysts Certification

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Digital Signage Example

Figure Global Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) Status and Outlook (2016-2030)

Figure Global Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) Comparison by Region (2016-2030)

Figure Global Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) Comparison by Type (2016-2030)

Figure Global Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) Comparison by Application (2016-2030)

Figure Global Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) Comparison by Sales Channel (2016-2030)

Table Global Digital Signage Sales by Player (2019-2021)

Table Global Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Player (2019-2021)

Figure Global Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Player in 2021

Table Global Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) by Player (2019-2021)

Table Global Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Player (2019-2021)

Figure Global Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Player in 2021

Table Global Digital Signage Average Price by Player (2019-2021)

Figure Global Digital Signage Average Price by Player in 2021

Figure Global Digital Signage Players Competition Situation – Top 5 Players’ Revenue Market Share in 2019

Figure Global Digital Signage Players Competition Trends – Top 5 Players’ Revenue Market Share in 2021

Figure Example of 0-40 Inches

Figure Global 0-40 Inches Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Example of 40-50 Inches

Figure Global 40-50 Inches Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Example of 50-60 Inches

Figure Global 50-60 Inches Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Example of 60+ Inches

Figure Global 60+ Inches Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Table Global Digital Signage Sales by Type (2016-2021)

Table Global Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)

Figure Global Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Type in 2021

Table Global Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) by Type (2016-2021)

Table Global Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)

Figure Global Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021

Table Global Digital Signage Average Price by Type (2016-2021)

Figure Global Digital Signage Average Price by Type in 2021

Table Leading Players of Digital Signage by Type in 2021

Figure Example of Retail

Figure Global Digital Signage for Retail Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Example of Healthcare

Figure Global Digital Signage for Healthcare Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Example of Hospitality

Figure Global Digital Signage for Hospitality Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Example of Transportation

Figure Global Digital Signage for Transportation Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Example of Others

Figure Global Digital Signage for Others Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Table Global Digital Signage Sales by Application (2016-2021)

Table Global Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)

Figure Global Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Application in 2021

Table Leading Consumers of Digital Signage by Application in 2021

Figure Example of Direct Channel

Figure Global Digital Signage for Direct Channel Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Example of Distribution Channel

Figure Global Digital Signage for Distribution Channel Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Table Global Digital Signage Revenue by Sales Channel (2016-2021)

Table Global Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Sales Channel (2016-2021)

Figure Global Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Sales Channel in 2021

Table Leading Distributors/Dealers of Digital Signage by Sales Channel in 2021

Table Global Digital Signage Market Size and CAGR by Region (2016-2030)

Table Global Digital Signage Sales by Region (2016-2021)

Table Global Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)

Figure Global Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Region in 2021

Table Global Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) by Region (2016-2021)

Table Global Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)

Figure Global Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Region in 2021

Table North America Digital Signage Sales by Country (2016-2021)

Figure North America Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)

Table North America Digital Signage Revenue by Country (2016-2021)

Figure North America Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)

Figure North America Digital Signage Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure North America Digital Signage Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure United States Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure United States Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Canada Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Canada Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Mexico Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Mexico Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Table Europe Digital Signage Sales by Country (2016-2021)

Figure Europe Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)

Table Europe Digital Signage Revenue by Country (2016-2021)

Figure Europe Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)

Figure Europe Digital Signage Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure Europe Digital Signage Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure Germany Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Germany Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure UK Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure UK Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure France Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure France Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Italy Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Italy Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Russia Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Russia Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Spain Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Spain Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Table Asia-Pacific Digital Signage Sales by Country (2016-2021)

Figure Asia-Pacific Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)

Table Asia-Pacific Digital Signage Revenue by Country (2016-2021)

Figure Asia-Pacific Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)

Figure Asia-Pacific Digital Signage Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure Asia-Pacific Digital Signage Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure China Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure China Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Japan Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Japan Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Korea Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Korea Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure India Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure India Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Southeast Asia Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Southeast Asia Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Australia Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Australia Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Table South America Digital Signage Sales by Country (2016-2021)

Figure South America Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)

Table South America Digital Signage Revenue by Country (2016-2021)

Figure South America Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)

Figure South America Digital Signage Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure South America Digital Signage Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure Brazil Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Brazil Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Argentina Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Argentina Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Colombia Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Colombia Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Table Middle East & Africa Digital Signage Sales by Country (2016-2021)

Figure Middle East & Africa Digital Signage Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)

Table Middle East & Africa Digital Signage Revenue by Country (2016-2021)

Figure Middle East & Africa Digital Signage Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)

Figure Middle East & Africa Digital Signage Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure Middle East & Africa Digital Signage Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure UAE Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure UAE Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Saudi Arabia Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure Saudi Arabia Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure South Africa Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Figure South Africa Digital Signage Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2016-2021)

Table Company Snapshot of Samsung Electronics

Table Digital Signage Introduction of Samsung Electronics

Table Digital Signage Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share of Samsung Electronics (2019-2021)

Table Industrial Chain of Digital Signage

Table Manufacturing Cost Structure of Digital Signage

Table General Manufacturing Process of Digital Signage

Table Leading Distributors/Dealers of Digital Signage

Table Leading Consumers of Digital Signage

Figure Global Digital Signage Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2030)

Figure Global Digital Signage Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2030)

Table Global Digital Signage Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Region (2022-2030)

Table Global Digital Signage Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Type (2022-2030)

Table Global Digital Signage Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Application (2022-2030)

Table Global Digital Signage Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Sales Channel (2022-2030)

Methodology/Research Approach

This research study involved the extensive usage of both primary and secondary data sources. The research process involved the study of various factors affecting the industry, including the government policy, market environment, competitive landscape, historical data, present trends in the market, technological innovation, upcoming technologies and the technical progress in related industry, and market risks, opportunities, market barriers and challenges. The following illustrative figure shows the market research methodology applied in this report.

Research Programs/Design

Historical Data (2015-2019)	Industry Trends Competitive Landscape By Company Expansion Mergers and Acquisitions Market Segment by Type by Application By Regions/ Geography	Value Status and Outlook Value for Major Players Market Share Growth Rate Present Situation Analysis Value Market Share Growth Rate Present Situation Analysis
Influencing Factors	Market Environment Government Policy Technological Changes Market Risks	Market Drivers Growing Demand of Downstream Reduction in Cost
Market Forecast (2021-2026)	Overall Size by Type by Application By Regions/Geography	Key Data (Value) Market Share Growth Rate CAGR (2021-2026)

Market Size Estimation

Top-down and bottom-up approaches are used to validate the global Voluntary Carbon Offset market size market and estimate the market size for Company, regions segments, product segments and Application (end users).

The market estimations in this report are based on the marketed sale price of Voluntary Carbon Offset (excluding any discounts provided by the player, distributor, wholesaler or traders). The percentage splits, market share, and breakdowns of the product segments are derived on the basis of weights assigned to each of the segments on the basis of their utilization rate and average sale price. The regional splits of the overall Voluntary Carbon Offset market and its sub-segments are based on the percentage adoption or utilization of the given product in the respective region or country.

Major Company in the market is identified through secondary research and their market revenues determined through primary and secondary research. Secondary research included the research of the annual and financial reports of the top Company; whereas, primary research included extensive interviews of key opinion leaders and industry experts such as experienced front-line staff, directors, CEOs and marketing executives. The percentage splits, market share, Growth Rate and breakdowns of the product markets are determined through using secondary sources and verified through the primary sources.

All possible factors that influence the markets included in this research study have been accounted for, viewed in extensive detail, verified through primary research, and analyzed to get the final quantitative and qualitative data. The market size for top-level markets and sub-segments is normalized, and the effect of inflation, economic downturns, and regulatory & policy changes or other factors are not accounted for in the market forecast. This data is combined and added with detailed inputs and analysis from Market Intellix and presented in this report

The following figure shows an illustrative representation of the overall market size estimation process used for this study.

Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

After complete market engineering with calculations for market statistics; market size estimations; market forecasting; market breakdown; and data triangulation, extensive primary research was conducted to gather information and verify and validate the critical numbers arrived at. In the complete market engineering process, both top-down and bottom-up approaches were extensively used, along with several data triangulation methods, to perform market estimation and market forecasting for the overall market segments and sub-segments listed in this report. Extensive qualitative and further quantitative analysis is also done from all the numbers arrived at in the complete market engineering process to list key information throughout the report.

Data Source

Secondary Sources

Secondary sources include such as press releases, annual reports, non-profit organizations, industry associations, governmental agencies and customs data, etc. This research study involves the usage of widespread secondary sources, directories, databases such as Bloomberg Business, Wind Info, Hoovers, Factiva (Dow Jones & Company), and TRADING ECONOMICS, and News Network, statista, Federal Reserve Economic Data, annual reports, BIS Statistics, ICIS; company house documents; CAS(American Chemical Society); investor presentations; and SEC filings of companies. Secondary research was used to identify and collect information useful for the extensive, technical, market-oriented, and Hospitals study of the Voluntary Carbon Offset market. It was also used to obtain important information about the top companies, market classification and segmentation according to industry trends to the bottom-most level, and key developments related to market and technology perspectives.

Market Size	Segmental value Geographic Penetration Product Adoption Rate for Different market	Journals, Websites, and Press Releases Annual Reports and SEC Filings Company Websites and Press Releases Public and Paid Databases Market Intellix Data Repository
Market Position of Top Company	Product Financials Geographic value Mix Total Company value Business/Segmental value Mix
Qualitative Analysis	Influence Factors Market Potential Market Risks and Opportunities Industry Trends Geographical Features Government Policies	Company Websites and Press Releases Public and Paid Databases Annual Reports Industry Associations Market Intellix Data Repository

Primary Sources

In the primary research process, various sources from both the supply and demand sides were interviewed to obtain qualitative and quantitative information for this report. The primary sources from the supply side include product Company (and their competitors), opinion leaders, industry experts, research institutions, distributors, dealer and traders, as well as the raw materials suppliers and producers, etc.

The primary sources from the demand side include industry experts such as business leaders, marketing and sales directors, technology and innovation directors, supply chain executive, end use (product buyers), and related key executives from various key companies and organizations operating in the global market.

Primary research was conducted to identify segmentation Type, product price range, product Application, key Company, raw materials supply and the downstream demand, industry status and outlook, and key market dynamics such as risks, influence factors, opportunities, market barriers, industry trends, and key player strategies.

Key Executives Interviewed

Key Data Information from Primary Sources

Primary Sources	Parameters	Key Data
Market Segments(by Application, by Type)	Value by Type Status and Forecast Value by Application Value by Regions, Status and Forecast (2021-2026)	Value Market Share by Type Value Growth Rate by Type Value by Application Percentage and Growth Rate by Application Value Growth Rate and Market Share by Regions Market Size Status and Forecast (2021-2026)
Total Market	Overall Size, Status and Forecast	Market Size Status and Forecast (2021-2026)